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The gigabyte (/ˈɡɪɡəbaɪt,ˈdʒɪɡə-/)^[1] is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefixgiga- means 10⁹ in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte is one billion bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.

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This definition is used in all contexts of science, engineering, business, and many areas of computing, including hard drive, solid state drive, and tape capacities, as well as data transmission speeds. However, the term is also used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 (1024³ or 2³⁰) bytes, particularly for sizes of RAM. The use of gigabyte may thus be ambiguous. Hard disk capacities are described and marketed by drive manufacturers using the standard metric definition of the gigabyte, but when a 400 GB drive's capacity is displayed by, for example, Microsoft Windows, it is reported as 372 GB, using a binary interpretation. To address this ambiguity, the International System of Quantities standardizes the binary prefixes which denote a series of integer powers of 1024. With these prefixes, a memory module that is labeled as having the size '1GB' has one gibibyte (1GiB) of storage capacity. Using the ISQ definitions, the '372 GB' reported for the hard drive is actually 372 GiB (400 GB).

Definition[edit]

The term gigabyte has a standard definition of 1000³ bytes, as well as a discouraged imprecise meaning of 1024³ bytes. The latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 (2¹⁰) is approximately 1000 (10³), roughly corresponding to SI multiples, it was used for binary multiples as well.

In 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 1000³bytes and gibibyte denote 1024³ bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST, and in 2009 it was incorporated in the International System of Quantities. Nevertheless, the term gigabyte continues to be widely used with the following two different meanings:

Base 10 (decimal)[edit]

• 1 GB = 1000000000 bytes (= 1000³ B = 10⁹ B)

Based on powers of 10, this definition uses the prefix giga- as defined in the International System of Units (SI). This is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).^[2] This definition is used in networking contexts and most storage media, particularly hard drives, flash-based storage,^[3][4][5] and DVDs, and is also consistent with the other uses of the SI prefix in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are a notable example of this usage in software, which report files sizes in decimal units.^[6]

Base 2 (binary)[edit]

• 1 GiB = 1073741824 bytes (= 1024³ B = 2³⁰ B).

The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as does the architectural principle of binarycomputers.This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory (e.g., RAM). This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte.

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Consumer confusion[edit]

Since the first disk drive, the IBM 350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes. With the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as '500 GB'. The exact capacity of a given drive model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of hard disk drives and flash-memory disk devices^[3][4] continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes, which is displayed on the packaging. Some operating systems such as OS X^[7] express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers, while others such as Microsoft Windows report size using binary multipliers. This discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, 400 GB (meaning 400000000000bytes) might be reported by the operating system as 372 GB, meaning 372 GiB.

The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE 100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes (2³⁰ bytes).^[8]

The difference between units based on decimal and binary prefixes increases as a semi-logarithmic (linear-log) function—for example, the decimal kilobyte value is nearly 98% of the kibibyte, a megabyte is under 96% of a mebibyte, and a gigabyte is just over 93% of a gibibyte value. This means that a 300 GB (279 GiB) hard disk might be indicated variously as 300 GB, 279 GB or 279 GiB, depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences become even more pronounced.

US lawsuits[edit]

The most recent lawsuits arising from alleged consumer confusion over the binary and decimal definitions used for 'gigabyte' have ended in favor of the manufacturers, with courts holding that the legal definition of gigabyte or GB is 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 (10^9) bytes (the decimal definition) rather than the binary definition (2^30) for commercial transactions. Specifically, the courts held that 'the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the 'preferred' one for the purposes of 'U.S. trade and commerce' .... The California Legislature has likewise adopted the decimal system for all 'transactions in this state.'”^[9]

Earlier lawsuits had ended in settlement with no court ruling on the question, such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital.^[10][11] Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.^[10]Seagate was sued on similar grounds and also settled.^[10][12]

Other contexts[edit]

Because of their physical design, the capacity of modern computer random access memory devices, such as DIMM modules, is always a multiple of a power of 1024. It is thus convenient to use prefixes denoting powers of 1024, known as binary prefixes, in describing them. For example, a memory capacity of 1073741824bytes is conveniently expressed as 1 GiB rather than as 1.074 GB. The former specification is, however, often quoted as '1 GB' when applied to random access memory.^[13]

Software allocates memory in varying degrees of granularity as needed to fulfill data structure requirements and binary multiples are usually not required. Other computer capacities and rates, like storage hardware size, data transfer rates, clock speeds, operations per second, etc., do not depend on an inherent base, and are usually presented in decimal units. For example, the manufacturer of a '300 GB' hard drive is claiming a capacity of 300000000000bytes, not 300x1024³ (which would be 322122547200) bytes.

Examples of gigabyte-sized storage[edit]

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• One hour of SDTV video at 2.2 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• Seven minutes of HDTV video at 19.39 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• 114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• A single layer DVD+R disc can hold about 4.7 GB.
• A dual-layered DVD+R disc can hold about 8.5 GB.
• A single layer Blu-ray can hold about 25 GB.
• A dual-layered Blu-ray can hold about 50 GB.

Unicode character[edit]

The 'gigabyte' symbol is encoded by Unicode at code point U+3387㎇SQUARE GB ❰ ㎇ ❱.^[14]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^The prefix giga- may be pronounced two ways. Gigabyte - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2. ^http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html Prefixes for binary multiples
3. ^ ^abSanDisk USB Flash DriveArchived 13 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine 'Note: 1 megabyte (MB) = 1 million bytes; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1 billion bytes.'
4. ^ ^abStorage Chart 'Megabyte (MB) = 1,000,000 bytes; 1 Gigabyte (GB) = 1,000,000,000 bytes; 1TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes'
5. ^[1]
6. ^'How Mac OS X reports drive capacity'. Apple Inc. 27 August 2009. Retrieved 16 October 2009.
7. ^'How OS X and iOS report storage capacity - Apple Support'. support.apple.com. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
8. ^JEDEC Solid State Technology Association (December 2002). 'Terms, Definitions, and Letter Symbols for Microcomputers, Microprocessors, and Memory Integrated Circuits'(PDF). Jesd 100B.01.
9. ^'Order Granting Motion to Dismiss'(PDF). United States District Court. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
10. ^ ^abcMook, Nate (28 June 2006). 'Western Digital Settles Capacity Suit'. betanews. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
11. ^Baskin, Scott D. (1 February 2006). 'Defendant Western Digital Corporation's Brief in Support of Plaintiff's Motion for Preliminary Approval'. Orin Safier v. Western Digital Corporation. Western Digital Corporation. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
12. ^Judge, Peter (26 October 2007). 'Seagate pays out over gigabyte definition'. ZDNet. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
13. ^Percival, Colin. 'Why is 1 GB equal to 10^9 bytes instead of 2^30?'. tarsnap.com. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
14. ^Unicode Consortium (2019). 'The Unicode Standard 12.0 – CJK Compatibility ❰ Range: 3300—33FF ❱'(PDF). Unicode.org. Retrieved 24 May 2019.

External links[edit]

When I started playing online poker I was perplexed with all the acronyms that I encountered. People were writing these weird letter combinations in the chat box, and I had no idea what they meant. I didn't have much experience with online gaming, so most of the expressions were completely new to me.

'LOL' was probably the first acronym that I was faced with. It was hugely popular and so common that it was impossible to ignore. I learned pretty fast that it was the same as 'laughing out loud'. At some point 'lol' was so popular that people started using it also in live-poker games. Especially the Swedes. And there were loads of Swedes playing poker. They said it with that funny Swedish accent where it sounds more like 'ljol.' So instead of actually laughing people were 'ljolling.'

'LOL' is not so popular anymore. And neither is 'ROFL.' It means 'rolling on the floor laughing' and it used to be quite common. Perhaps poker has become more serious since less people are 'lolling' (or 'ljolling') and no-one is laughing on the floor anymore.

'WP,' on the other hand, is still a very common expression in poker. It stands for 'well played.' It can be used sincerely but quite often it is used sarcastically (especially in low- and midstakes games). Like when someone calls a big bet with a very marginal hand and sucks out on the river. 'Wp,' says the opponent, but of course he means the opposite.

'GB' and 'GC' mean 'good bet' and 'good call.' From my experience these are used less sarcastically than 'wp'. 'Gb' and 'gc' are more often genuine compliments. So is also 'NH,' which stands for 'nice hand.'

'GL' means 'good luck.' It is often said at the end of a session to your opponent and sometimes players say it before a heads-up session starts. I never say it at the beginning of a session. I don't wish my opponent to have good luck when he is playing against me. I want to have all the luck. I don't mind wishing him good luck after I leave the table--preferably with the money.

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'M8' used to be popular, too. There is not many 'mates' around these days. People used to say 'wpm8' or 'tym8,' but that's not the case anymore. It is just 'wp' or 'ty.'

'GG' stands for 'good game.' It is customary to say 'gg' when you finish playing to inform the other players that you are quitting and not coming back. Usually people say 'gg' when they quit no matter if they are winning or losing. And other players usually reply by saying 'gg' also.

I have played some online sessions against Phil Ivey, and I have also railed him playing against other guys. Funny thing is that he does not always say 'gg' after the session. Sometimes the other player says 'gg' and Ivey replies: 'Thanks.' I don't know if Ivey reserves the comment 'gg' only for those sessions he thinks are truly worth saying 'good game' and otherwise he simply quits or says something random. But I guess when you are the best in the world your standards for a good game must be higher than for the rest.

'BRB' and 'BB' mean 'be right back' and 'be back.' If you want to have a short break, you can say 'brb 5,' meaning you will be back in five minutes. Or if you will be back in few hours you can say 'bb in 2h.'

'ZZZZZ' is an expression that is used to point out that someone is playing too slow. So if someone says 'zzzz' to you in the chat box, he is requesting you to speed it up and play faster.

'OMG' is an expression that is used when something extraordinary or weird happens. Like when someone hits a miracle one outter on the river. 'Oh My God!' I assume Phil Galfond found it funny because he chose his Full Tilt nickname as 'OMGClayAiken.'

And finally few words about those lesser compliments that anyone playing poker will eventually see directed towards them. 'FU' is pretty self-explanatory, and so are 'SOB' and 'MOFO.' I don't use them at all myself. There's really no reason to do so. If you truly feel angry or frustrated or if you are in a major tilt, why blame the other players for it? There's an old saying that summarizes it well: 'Don't hate the player. Hate the game.'

Ville Wahlbeck is a member of Team PokerStars Pro